#人人公益节##曾被陌生人暖到的瞬间#大概是14岁的时候吧，刚到英国，10月份的Brighton就很凉了，我从学校进城吃中餐，然后怎么都打不到车回学校（我当时不知道Brighton是要打电话叫出租车的，我以为招手就能打）然后溜达着溜达着迷路了，异国他乡，那时候英语还不好，问路都不知道咋问。走着走着，有一对老夫妻，好像看出了我的迷茫，车子停在我旁边，问我：do u need any help?最后把我送回了学校。在冬天来临前，给偏远地区的小朋友送去一份温暖，欢迎加入壹基金温暖包月捐计划，每月捐出一点爱，就能给小朋友一个温暖的冬天。让爱延续，传递温暖，一起加入吧！#微博星公益# @人人公益节@微公益@壹基金 @微博明星
(It's nerd time!)
I am fond of the ancient Zhou 周 civilization and its writing system. It feels fascinating to read and understand what people from nearly 3000 years ago left to these days on the bronze artifacts.
However, it is difficult since you need to understand not only the archaic large seal script 大篆 but also the obsolete grammar and vocabulary of pre-classical Chinese. Also, because of the limited number of characters, many sound loan characters (通假字) were used which further increases the difficulty. Often, you cannot understand this sound loan phenomenon, which is not obvious in any modern Chinese variety, without a knowledge of the sounds of Old Chinese. In other words, the sound loan characters would make much more sense if you read them in Old Chinese (reconstructed by linguists, of course).
Below is the inscription on a cauldron called 頌鼎 (created by a person named Song 頌 during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou 周宣王 at the end of Western Zhou era, 8th century BC), from which I made a list of 通假字 and their sound connection in Old Chinese. The author used many sound loans which are very different from the point of view of modern languages, such as 即立 instead of 即位, 令女 instead of 命汝, 易 instead of 賜, 入 instead of 納, etc...
隹（唯）三年五月既死霸（魄）甲戌，王 才（在）周康卲宮。
旦，王 各（格）大室，即 立（位）。
宰引 右（佑）頌入門，立中廷。
尹氏 受（授）王 令（命）書，王 乎（呼）史虢生冊 令（命）頌。
王曰：頌，令（命）女（汝）官 （司）成周 賈 (貯?) 廿家，監 （司）新（造），賈 (貯?) 用宮御。易（賜）女（汝）玄衣黹 屯（純）、赤巿、朱 黃（衡）、䜌（鑾）旂、攸（鋚）勒，用事。
頌拜 䭫（稽）首。受 令（命）冊，佩（以）出，反入堇章（返納瑾璋）。
頌敢對（揚）天子 不（丕）顯魯休，用 乍（作）朕皇考 龏（龔）弔（叔）、皇母 龏（龔）始（姒）寶（尊）鼎。用追孝，（祈）匃（丐）康 （娛）、屯右（純祐）、通 彔（祿）、永 令（命）。頌（其）萬年（眉）壽，㽙（畯）臣天子，霝冬（靈終），子子孫孫寶用。
- Sound loan characters:
1. 隹 *ɢʷij（唯 *ɢʷij）
2. 才 *dzˤə（在 *dzˤəʔ）
3. 各 *kˤak（格 *kˤrak）
4. 立 *k.rəp（位 *ɢʷrəp-s）
5. 右 *ɢʷəʔ（佑 *ɢʷəʔ-s）
6. 受 *duʔ（授 *duʔ-s）
7. 令 *riŋ-s（命 *m-riŋ-s）
8. 乎 *ɢˤa（呼 *qʰˤa）
9. 女 *nraʔ（汝 *naʔ）
10. 易 *lek（賜 *s-lek-s）
11. 屯 *dˤun（純 *dun）
12. 黃 *N-kʷˤaŋ（衡 *gˤraŋ）
13. 䜌 *mə.rˤon（鑾 *mə.rˤon）
14. 攸 *liw（鋚 *lˤiw）
15. 反 *Cə.panʔ（返 *Cə.panʔ）
16. 入 *nup（納 *nˤup）
17. 堇 *grər（瑾 *grər-s）
18. 章 *taŋ（璋 *taŋ）
19. 不 *pə（丕 *pʰrə）
20. 乍 *dzˤrak-s（作 *tsˤak）
21. 弔 *tˤiwk（叔 *s-tiwk）
22. 始 *l̥əʔ（姒 *sə.ləʔ）
23. 彔 *pə.rˤok（祿 *rˤok）
24. 霝 *rˤeŋ（靈 *rˤeŋ）
25. 冬 *tˤuŋ（終 *tuŋ）
I am fond of the ancient Zhou 周 civilization and its writing system. It feels fascinating to read and understand what people from nearly 3000 years ago left to these days on the bronze artifacts.
However, it is difficult since you need to understand not only the archaic large seal script 大篆 but also the obsolete grammar and vocabulary of pre-classical Chinese. Also, because of the limited number of characters, many sound loan characters (通假字) were used which further increases the difficulty. Often, you cannot understand this sound loan phenomenon, which is not obvious in any modern Chinese variety, without a knowledge of the sounds of Old Chinese. In other words, the sound loan characters would make much more sense if you read them in Old Chinese (reconstructed by linguists, of course).
Below is the inscription on a cauldron called 頌鼎 (created by a person named Song 頌 during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou 周宣王 at the end of Western Zhou era, 8th century BC), from which I made a list of 通假字 and their sound connection in Old Chinese. The author used many sound loans which are very different from the point of view of modern languages, such as 即立 instead of 即位, 令女 instead of 命汝, 易 instead of 賜, 入 instead of 納, etc...
隹（唯）三年五月既死霸（魄）甲戌，王 才（在）周康卲宮。
旦，王 各（格）大室，即 立（位）。
宰引 右（佑）頌入門，立中廷。
尹氏 受（授）王 令（命）書，王 乎（呼）史虢生冊 令（命）頌。
王曰：頌，令（命）女（汝）官 （司）成周 賈 (貯?) 廿家，監 （司）新（造），賈 (貯?) 用宮御。易（賜）女（汝）玄衣黹 屯（純）、赤巿、朱 黃（衡）、䜌（鑾）旂、攸（鋚）勒，用事。
頌拜 䭫（稽）首。受 令（命）冊，佩（以）出，反入堇章（返納瑾璋）。
頌敢對（揚）天子 不（丕）顯魯休，用 乍（作）朕皇考 龏（龔）弔（叔）、皇母 龏（龔）始（姒）寶（尊）鼎。用追孝，（祈）匃（丐）康 （娛）、屯右（純祐）、通 彔（祿）、永 令（命）。頌（其）萬年（眉）壽，㽙（畯）臣天子，霝冬（靈終），子子孫孫寶用。
- Sound loan characters:
1. 隹 *ɢʷij（唯 *ɢʷij）
2. 才 *dzˤə（在 *dzˤəʔ）
3. 各 *kˤak（格 *kˤrak）
4. 立 *k.rəp（位 *ɢʷrəp-s）
5. 右 *ɢʷəʔ（佑 *ɢʷəʔ-s）
6. 受 *duʔ（授 *duʔ-s）
7. 令 *riŋ-s（命 *m-riŋ-s）
8. 乎 *ɢˤa（呼 *qʰˤa）
9. 女 *nraʔ（汝 *naʔ）
10. 易 *lek（賜 *s-lek-s）
11. 屯 *dˤun（純 *dun）
12. 黃 *N-kʷˤaŋ（衡 *gˤraŋ）
13. 䜌 *mə.rˤon（鑾 *mə.rˤon）
14. 攸 *liw（鋚 *lˤiw）
15. 反 *Cə.panʔ（返 *Cə.panʔ）
16. 入 *nup（納 *nˤup）
17. 堇 *grər（瑾 *grər-s）
18. 章 *taŋ（璋 *taŋ）
19. 不 *pə（丕 *pʰrə）
20. 乍 *dzˤrak-s（作 *tsˤak）
21. 弔 *tˤiwk（叔 *s-tiwk）
22. 始 *l̥əʔ（姒 *sə.ləʔ）
23. 彔 *pə.rˤok（祿 *rˤok）
24. 霝 *rˤeŋ（靈 *rˤeŋ）
25. 冬 *tˤuŋ（終 *tuŋ）
【#伊朗将美军列为恐怖组织#，将五角大楼全部成员列为恐怖分子】Iran's parliament unanimously voted to pass a motion designating the U.S. military and the Pentagon as terrorist organizations on Tuesday morning in response to the assassination of Iranian military commander Qasem Soleimani. A total of 208 out of the 290 members of parliament have signed the motion so far. "Any aid to these forces, including military, intelligence, financial, technical, service or logistical, will be considered as cooperation in a terrorist act," reads the bill. In April 2019, the Iranian parliament passed a bill designating the U.S. Central Command as a terrorist organization and the U.S. as a "state sponsor of terrorism." Tuesday's meeting also saw the legislators voting provide 200 million euros to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' Quads Force "to boost their defensive power," according to Al Jazeera. (Pics via Tasnim News and Twitter)
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