(It's nerd time!)
I am fond of the ancient Zhou 周 civilization and its writing system. It feels fascinating to read and understand what people from nearly 3000 years ago left to these days on the bronze artifacts.
However, it is difficult since you need to understand not only the archaic large seal script 大篆 but also the obsolete grammar and vocabulary of pre-classical Chinese. Also, because of the limited number of characters, many sound loan characters (通假字) were used which further increases the difficulty. Often, you cannot understand this sound loan phenomenon, which is not obvious in any modern Chinese variety, without a knowledge of the sounds of Old Chinese. In other words, the sound loan characters would make much more sense if you read them in Old Chinese (reconstructed by linguists, of course).
Below is the inscription on a cauldron called 頌鼎 (created by a person named Song 頌 during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou 周宣王 at the end of Western Zhou era, 8th century BC), from which I made a list of 通假字 and their sound connection in Old Chinese. The author used many sound loans which are very different from the point of view of modern languages, such as 即立 instead of 即位, 令女 instead of 命汝, 易 instead of 賜, 入 instead of 納, etc...
隹(唯)三年五月既死霸(魄)甲戌,王 才(在)周康卲宮。
旦,王 各(格)大室,即 立(位)。
宰引 右(佑)頌入門,立中廷。
尹氏 受(授)王 令(命)書,王 乎(呼)史虢生冊 令(命)頌。
王曰:頌,令(命)女(汝)官 (司)成周 賈 (貯?) 廿家,監 (司)新(造),賈 (貯?) 用宮御。易(賜)女(汝)玄衣黹 屯(純)、赤巿、朱 黃(衡)、䜌(鑾)旂、攸(鋚)勒,用事。
頌拜 䭫(稽)首。受 令(命)冊,佩(以)出,反入堇章(返納瑾璋)。
頌敢對(揚)天子 不(丕)顯魯休,用 乍(作)朕皇考 龏(龔)弔(叔)、皇母 龏(龔)始(姒)寶(尊)鼎。用追孝,(祈)匃(丐)康 (娛)、屯右(純祐)、通 彔(祿)、永 令(命)。頌(其)萬年(眉)壽,㽙(畯)臣天子,霝冬(靈終),子子孫孫寶用。
- Sound loan characters:
1. 隹 *ɢʷij(唯 *ɢʷij)
2. 才 *dzˤə(在 *dzˤəʔ)
3. 各 *kˤak(格 *kˤrak)
4. 立 *k.rəp(位 *ɢʷrəp-s)
5. 右 *ɢʷəʔ(佑 *ɢʷəʔ-s)
6. 受 *duʔ(授 *duʔ-s)
7. 令 *riŋ-s(命 *m-riŋ-s)
8. 乎 *ɢˤa(呼 *qʰˤa)
9. 女 *nraʔ(汝 *naʔ)
10. 易 *lek(賜 *s-lek-s)
11. 屯 *dˤun(純 *dun)
12. 黃 *N-kʷˤaŋ(衡 *gˤraŋ)
13. 䜌 *mə.rˤon(鑾 *mə.rˤon)
14. 攸 *liw(鋚 *lˤiw)
15. 反 *Cə.panʔ(返 *Cə.panʔ)
16. 入 *nup(納 *nˤup)
17. 堇 *grər(瑾 *grər-s)
18. 章 *taŋ(璋 *taŋ)
19. 不 *pə(丕 *pʰrə)
20. 乍 *dzˤrak-s(作 *tsˤak)
21. 弔 *tˤiwk(叔 *s-tiwk)
22. 始 *l̥əʔ(姒 *sə.ləʔ)
23. 彔 *pə.rˤok(祿 *rˤok)
24. 霝 *rˤeŋ(靈 *rˤeŋ)
25. 冬 *tˤuŋ(終 *tuŋ)
I am fond of the ancient Zhou 周 civilization and its writing system. It feels fascinating to read and understand what people from nearly 3000 years ago left to these days on the bronze artifacts.
However, it is difficult since you need to understand not only the archaic large seal script 大篆 but also the obsolete grammar and vocabulary of pre-classical Chinese. Also, because of the limited number of characters, many sound loan characters (通假字) were used which further increases the difficulty. Often, you cannot understand this sound loan phenomenon, which is not obvious in any modern Chinese variety, without a knowledge of the sounds of Old Chinese. In other words, the sound loan characters would make much more sense if you read them in Old Chinese (reconstructed by linguists, of course).
Below is the inscription on a cauldron called 頌鼎 (created by a person named Song 頌 during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou 周宣王 at the end of Western Zhou era, 8th century BC), from which I made a list of 通假字 and their sound connection in Old Chinese. The author used many sound loans which are very different from the point of view of modern languages, such as 即立 instead of 即位, 令女 instead of 命汝, 易 instead of 賜, 入 instead of 納, etc...
隹(唯)三年五月既死霸(魄)甲戌,王 才(在)周康卲宮。
旦,王 各(格)大室,即 立(位)。
宰引 右(佑)頌入門,立中廷。
尹氏 受(授)王 令(命)書,王 乎(呼)史虢生冊 令(命)頌。
王曰:頌,令(命)女(汝)官 (司)成周 賈 (貯?) 廿家,監 (司)新(造),賈 (貯?) 用宮御。易(賜)女(汝)玄衣黹 屯(純)、赤巿、朱 黃(衡)、䜌(鑾)旂、攸(鋚)勒,用事。
頌拜 䭫(稽)首。受 令(命)冊,佩(以)出,反入堇章(返納瑾璋)。
頌敢對(揚)天子 不(丕)顯魯休,用 乍(作)朕皇考 龏(龔)弔(叔)、皇母 龏(龔)始(姒)寶(尊)鼎。用追孝,(祈)匃(丐)康 (娛)、屯右(純祐)、通 彔(祿)、永 令(命)。頌(其)萬年(眉)壽,㽙(畯)臣天子,霝冬(靈終),子子孫孫寶用。
- Sound loan characters:
1. 隹 *ɢʷij(唯 *ɢʷij)
2. 才 *dzˤə(在 *dzˤəʔ)
3. 各 *kˤak(格 *kˤrak)
4. 立 *k.rəp(位 *ɢʷrəp-s)
5. 右 *ɢʷəʔ(佑 *ɢʷəʔ-s)
6. 受 *duʔ(授 *duʔ-s)
7. 令 *riŋ-s(命 *m-riŋ-s)
8. 乎 *ɢˤa(呼 *qʰˤa)
9. 女 *nraʔ(汝 *naʔ)
10. 易 *lek(賜 *s-lek-s)
11. 屯 *dˤun(純 *dun)
12. 黃 *N-kʷˤaŋ(衡 *gˤraŋ)
13. 䜌 *mə.rˤon(鑾 *mə.rˤon)
14. 攸 *liw(鋚 *lˤiw)
15. 反 *Cə.panʔ(返 *Cə.panʔ)
16. 入 *nup(納 *nˤup)
17. 堇 *grər(瑾 *grər-s)
18. 章 *taŋ(璋 *taŋ)
19. 不 *pə(丕 *pʰrə)
20. 乍 *dzˤrak-s(作 *tsˤak)
21. 弔 *tˤiwk(叔 *s-tiwk)
22. 始 *l̥əʔ(姒 *sə.ləʔ)
23. 彔 *pə.rˤok(祿 *rˤok)
24. 霝 *rˤeŋ(靈 *rˤeŋ)
25. 冬 *tˤuŋ(終 *tuŋ)
0512
if u cant make it, u must make it.
1⃣单词打卡100个
2⃣英语长难句—状语从句
3⃣汤家凤1800/汤家凤网课笔记
3⃣今日例题分享
朋友的研友谈恋爱了,昨天直接emo了哈哈哈哈哈。
考研忠告之——不要喜欢上任何人。考研就正儿八经考研,除非他(她)带给你的只有动力而永远没有悲伤,至少到考研结束之前不会影响你的心态,我这种恋爱脑最容易被影响前段时间都想了好多。但实际上,能带给你动力而不会带给你太多幻想以及悲伤的这种人一般是以偶像的身份存在而绝对不会是以一个普通同学的身份,摆正心态,要拎得清。
#小龚考研日记#
if u cant make it, u must make it.
1⃣单词打卡100个
2⃣英语长难句—状语从句
3⃣汤家凤1800/汤家凤网课笔记
3⃣今日例题分享
朋友的研友谈恋爱了,昨天直接emo了哈哈哈哈哈。
考研忠告之——不要喜欢上任何人。考研就正儿八经考研,除非他(她)带给你的只有动力而永远没有悲伤,至少到考研结束之前不会影响你的心态,我这种恋爱脑最容易被影响前段时间都想了好多。但实际上,能带给你动力而不会带给你太多幻想以及悲伤的这种人一般是以偶像的身份存在而绝对不会是以一个普通同学的身份,摆正心态,要拎得清。
#小龚考研日记#
自从过上了独立的生活
才体会到某种从前难以体验的自由 当然这里指的不是时间自由 而是我学会更加尊重自己真实原本的样子与性格去做取舍选择
不过虑他人的评价与想法去做个好好先生该拒绝时就拒绝
不感到缺乏话语权或自我表达受到限制因为需要依靠家里人才能承担起自己的生活
不掩盖或忽略自己的感受和需求去维持看似安好实质脆弱的关系
从某种意义上来讲 没有什么比当个“混蛋”更实在且真挚的事情
if u be nice and peace and have no problem with everybody, u might find yourself have a problem particularly liking somebody.
才体会到某种从前难以体验的自由 当然这里指的不是时间自由 而是我学会更加尊重自己真实原本的样子与性格去做取舍选择
不过虑他人的评价与想法去做个好好先生该拒绝时就拒绝
不感到缺乏话语权或自我表达受到限制因为需要依靠家里人才能承担起自己的生活
不掩盖或忽略自己的感受和需求去维持看似安好实质脆弱的关系
从某种意义上来讲 没有什么比当个“混蛋”更实在且真挚的事情
if u be nice and peace and have no problem with everybody, u might find yourself have a problem particularly liking somebody.
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