【故宫博物院北院区预计明年全面建成】
The Palace Museum, a large national museum complex housed in the Forbidden City in the center of Beijing, will see its northern campus in Haidian District completed by 2025, the 100th anniversary of its establishment. The new campus covers a total land area of 115,600 square meters , with a total construction area of 102,000 square meters.）
今年，海淀区将重点推进故宫博物院北院区及周边环境建设，确保2025年故宫博物院建院100周年时，北院区全面建成。故宫博物院北院区项目位于西北旺镇西玉河村范围内。项目总用地面积11.56公顷，总建筑面积10.2万平方米。
The Palace Museum, a large national museum complex housed in the Forbidden City in the center of Beijing, will see its northern campus in Haidian District completed by 2025, the 100th anniversary of its establishment. The new campus covers a total land area of 115,600 square meters , with a total construction area of 102,000 square meters.）
今年，海淀区将重点推进故宫博物院北院区及周边环境建设，确保2025年故宫博物院建院100周年时，北院区全面建成。故宫博物院北院区项目位于西北旺镇西玉河村范围内。项目总用地面积11.56公顷，总建筑面积10.2万平方米。
CD4/CD8比值：非艾滋相关疾病的指标
来源：中国疾控艾防中心
CD4+T淋巴细胞是HIV感染最主要的靶细胞，HIV感染人体后会引起CD4+T淋巴细胞进行性减少。近年来，抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)取得了良好效果，在大多数接受治疗的HIV感染者中可达到病毒完全抑制，CD4细胞也可逐渐恢复至接近正常人水平（＞500个／μＬ）。但HIV感染者仍有可能因为存在异常的免疫活化引起恶性肿瘤、终末期肾病、肝功能衰竭、胰腺炎、心血管疾病和糖尿病等非艾滋相关疾病（Non-AIDS-defining illnesses）[1]。因此，仅依靠CD4+T淋巴细胞计数，并不能完全反映HIV感染者免疫功能的恢复状况。研究发现CD4+T淋巴细胞与CD8+T淋巴细胞的比值，简称为CD4/CD8比值，可作为非艾滋相关疾病的生物学标志物[2]。
临床上通常定义CD4/CD8比值≥1.0为正常，<1.0为比值倒置。研究表明CD4/CD8比值倒置的患者患非艾滋相关疾病的风险更高[3]，特别是CD4/CD8比值<0.3的患者更有可能发生严重的非艾滋病相关疾病[4]。在进行抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中，CD4/CD8比值需要一定时间逐渐恢复正常，在一项4206名HIV感染者的观察队列中，仅有7.2%感染者经过平均2.77年ART后CD4/CD8比值达到正常[5]。在另一项3236名HIV感染者的队列中，ART一年后达到CD4/CD8比值正常的感染者占比4.4%，两年后达到CD4/CD8比值正常的感染者占比11.5%，五年后达到CD4/CD8比值正常的感染者占比29.4%[4]。
研究表明HIV感染者在感染后启动ART的时间、DNA储存库、ART方案和机体免疫状态等可能影响CD4/CD8比值[3,5-10]。有助于提高CD4/CD8比值的建议包括：
①尽早开始抗病毒治疗。早期启动并持续坚持ART的HIV感染者具有更高的机会可达到正常的CD4/CD8比值，早期ART有助于降低CD4+T淋巴细胞及CD8+T淋巴细胞的活化水平，也有助于降低HIV储存库大小，可较快重建免疫系统。
②优化抗病毒治疗方案。非核苷类或整合酶方案更易促进CD4/CD8比值恢复正常，感染者应该在医生的指导下选择优化的抗病毒治疗方案。
③控制炎症减少免疫激活。身体长期处于慢性炎症状态会延缓CD4/CD8比值的恢复。感染者应该选择健康的生活方式，如清淡饮食、规律作息等，在医生的指导下通过合理的手段控制炎症，促进免疫功能恢复。
（刘佩 中国疾控艾防中心）
参考文献：
[1] Mocroft A, Reiss P, Gasiorowski J, et al. Serious fatal and nonfatal non-AIDS-defining illnesses in Europe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Oct;55(2):262-70.
[2] Serrano-Villar S, Deeks SG. CD4/CD8 ratio: an emerging biomarker for HIV. Lancet HIV. 2015 Mar;2(3):e76-7.
[3] Saracino A, Bruno G, Scudeller L, et al. Chronic inflammation in a long-term cohort of HIV-infected patients according to the normalization of the CD4:CD8 ratio. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014 Dec;30(12):1178-84.
[4] Mussini C, Lorenzini P, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. CD4/CD8 ratio normalisation and non-AIDS-related events in individuals with HIV who achieve viral load suppression with antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2015 Mar;2(3):e98-106.
[5] Leung V, Gillis J, Raboud J, et al. Predictors of CD4:CD8 ratio normalization and its effect on health outcomes in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 30;8(10):e77665.
[6] Chun TW, Justement JS, Pandya P, et al. Relationship between the size of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratios in aviremic HIV-1-infected individuals receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2002 Jun 1;185(11):1672-6.
[7] Serrano-Villar S, Zhou Y, Rodgers AJ, et al. Different impact of raltegravir versus efavirenz on CD4/CD8 ratio recovery in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(1):235-239.
[8] De Salvador-Guillouët F, Sakarovitch C, Durant J, et al. Antiretroviral Regimens and CD4/CD8 Ratio Normalization in HIV-Infected Patients during the Initial Year of Treatment: A Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140519.
[9] Masiá M, Padilla S, Barber X, et al. Comparative Impact of Suppressive Antiretroviral Regimens on the CD4/CD8 T-Cell Ratio: A Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(11):e3108.
[10] Caby F, Guihot A, Lambert-Niclot S, et al. Determinants of a Low CD4/CD8 Ratio in HIV-1-Infected Individuals Despite Long-term Viral Suppression. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):1297-1303.
来源：中国疾控艾防中心
CD4+T淋巴细胞是HIV感染最主要的靶细胞，HIV感染人体后会引起CD4+T淋巴细胞进行性减少。近年来，抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)取得了良好效果，在大多数接受治疗的HIV感染者中可达到病毒完全抑制，CD4细胞也可逐渐恢复至接近正常人水平（＞500个／μＬ）。但HIV感染者仍有可能因为存在异常的免疫活化引起恶性肿瘤、终末期肾病、肝功能衰竭、胰腺炎、心血管疾病和糖尿病等非艾滋相关疾病（Non-AIDS-defining illnesses）[1]。因此，仅依靠CD4+T淋巴细胞计数，并不能完全反映HIV感染者免疫功能的恢复状况。研究发现CD4+T淋巴细胞与CD8+T淋巴细胞的比值，简称为CD4/CD8比值，可作为非艾滋相关疾病的生物学标志物[2]。
临床上通常定义CD4/CD8比值≥1.0为正常，<1.0为比值倒置。研究表明CD4/CD8比值倒置的患者患非艾滋相关疾病的风险更高[3]，特别是CD4/CD8比值<0.3的患者更有可能发生严重的非艾滋病相关疾病[4]。在进行抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中，CD4/CD8比值需要一定时间逐渐恢复正常，在一项4206名HIV感染者的观察队列中，仅有7.2%感染者经过平均2.77年ART后CD4/CD8比值达到正常[5]。在另一项3236名HIV感染者的队列中，ART一年后达到CD4/CD8比值正常的感染者占比4.4%，两年后达到CD4/CD8比值正常的感染者占比11.5%，五年后达到CD4/CD8比值正常的感染者占比29.4%[4]。
研究表明HIV感染者在感染后启动ART的时间、DNA储存库、ART方案和机体免疫状态等可能影响CD4/CD8比值[3,5-10]。有助于提高CD4/CD8比值的建议包括：
①尽早开始抗病毒治疗。早期启动并持续坚持ART的HIV感染者具有更高的机会可达到正常的CD4/CD8比值，早期ART有助于降低CD4+T淋巴细胞及CD8+T淋巴细胞的活化水平，也有助于降低HIV储存库大小，可较快重建免疫系统。
②优化抗病毒治疗方案。非核苷类或整合酶方案更易促进CD4/CD8比值恢复正常，感染者应该在医生的指导下选择优化的抗病毒治疗方案。
③控制炎症减少免疫激活。身体长期处于慢性炎症状态会延缓CD4/CD8比值的恢复。感染者应该选择健康的生活方式，如清淡饮食、规律作息等，在医生的指导下通过合理的手段控制炎症，促进免疫功能恢复。
（刘佩 中国疾控艾防中心）
参考文献：
[1] Mocroft A, Reiss P, Gasiorowski J, et al. Serious fatal and nonfatal non-AIDS-defining illnesses in Europe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Oct;55(2):262-70.
[2] Serrano-Villar S, Deeks SG. CD4/CD8 ratio: an emerging biomarker for HIV. Lancet HIV. 2015 Mar;2(3):e76-7.
[3] Saracino A, Bruno G, Scudeller L, et al. Chronic inflammation in a long-term cohort of HIV-infected patients according to the normalization of the CD4:CD8 ratio. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014 Dec;30(12):1178-84.
[4] Mussini C, Lorenzini P, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. CD4/CD8 ratio normalisation and non-AIDS-related events in individuals with HIV who achieve viral load suppression with antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2015 Mar;2(3):e98-106.
[5] Leung V, Gillis J, Raboud J, et al. Predictors of CD4:CD8 ratio normalization and its effect on health outcomes in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 30;8(10):e77665.
[6] Chun TW, Justement JS, Pandya P, et al. Relationship between the size of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratios in aviremic HIV-1-infected individuals receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2002 Jun 1;185(11):1672-6.
[7] Serrano-Villar S, Zhou Y, Rodgers AJ, et al. Different impact of raltegravir versus efavirenz on CD4/CD8 ratio recovery in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(1):235-239.
[8] De Salvador-Guillouët F, Sakarovitch C, Durant J, et al. Antiretroviral Regimens and CD4/CD8 Ratio Normalization in HIV-Infected Patients during the Initial Year of Treatment: A Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140519.
[9] Masiá M, Padilla S, Barber X, et al. Comparative Impact of Suppressive Antiretroviral Regimens on the CD4/CD8 T-Cell Ratio: A Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(11):e3108.
[10] Caby F, Guihot A, Lambert-Niclot S, et al. Determinants of a Low CD4/CD8 Ratio in HIV-1-Infected Individuals Despite Long-term Viral Suppression. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):1297-1303.
#北京大学[超话]#《三毛流浪记》
反 差 太 大
"Sanmao Wanderings"
The contrast is too great
富人自以为有智慧，而聪明的穷人能将他看透。
The rich think they are wise, and the wise poor can see through him.
相关短语：
God bless thee in thy wanderings!
愿上帝保佑流浪中的你！
So here we are, then, leaving entirely to its wanderings the question of whether what is at stake is to be or not to be.
这就是我们的处境，我们让生命的实存与否的这个问题，陷入岌岌可危，任其漂泊不定。
They add that this policy trade-off is often unfairly portrayed as transferring income from the poor to the rich.
他们还说，这样的政策取舍结果往往被认为导致收入不公平地从穷人向富人转移。
energy-rich 能源丰富
new rich 爆发户
rich fruit 多汁水果
rich soil 肥沃土壤
rich wine 浓酒
get wise 教
Don't get wise with me, young man!
小伙子，不要在我面前放肆！
in no wise 绝不；一点也不
in this wise 这样
To measure loss and gain in this wise?
用这方法来衡量得失？
pair wise 成对的
wise guy 自以为聪明的人
wise saw 金言；格言
wise woman 聪明的女人；女巫；接生婆
反 差 太 大
"Sanmao Wanderings"
The contrast is too great
富人自以为有智慧，而聪明的穷人能将他看透。
The rich think they are wise, and the wise poor can see through him.
相关短语：
God bless thee in thy wanderings!
愿上帝保佑流浪中的你！
So here we are, then, leaving entirely to its wanderings the question of whether what is at stake is to be or not to be.
这就是我们的处境，我们让生命的实存与否的这个问题，陷入岌岌可危，任其漂泊不定。
They add that this policy trade-off is often unfairly portrayed as transferring income from the poor to the rich.
他们还说，这样的政策取舍结果往往被认为导致收入不公平地从穷人向富人转移。
energy-rich 能源丰富
new rich 爆发户
rich fruit 多汁水果
rich soil 肥沃土壤
rich wine 浓酒
get wise 教
Don't get wise with me, young man!
小伙子，不要在我面前放肆！
in no wise 绝不；一点也不
in this wise 这样
To measure loss and gain in this wise?
用这方法来衡量得失？
pair wise 成对的
wise guy 自以为聪明的人
wise saw 金言；格言
wise woman 聪明的女人；女巫；接生婆
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