《寒食散考》推测从魏正至唐天宝五百年间，服食寒食散、金丹者多达数百万，因之殒命的有数十万。鲁迅《魏晋风度及文章和丹药密切相关》指出:服散后，皮肉发烧，为防皮肤擦伤改穿宽袍大衣，穿屐替代鞋袜，无意中掀起了飘逸舒散的时尚风，其实是一帮名士长期磕丹药后的中毒反应而不得已为之。

白居易《思旧》“退之服硫磺,微之炼秋石,杜子得丹决，崔君夸药力”，写的就是韩愈、元稹、杜牧、崔玄亮因服丹药而死。而大文豪韩愈又属非主流。

韩愈是极力反对服丹药的，但晚期又因服丹而死。实际他否定的是主流的服丹方式，当时丹药采朱砂等配方经火炼而成，他另辟蹊径，不火炼不用流行配方，独以硫磺喂鸡，自己再吃鸡，通过中间宿主养生，但终究敌不过硫磺这种神经毒物，57岁，卒。
【疾病如何改变我们的历史（五）】

#好书推荐#
唐代汴州——宣武軍節度使研究
作者: 曾賢熙
出版社: 花木蘭文化出版社
出版年: 2011-3
页数: 160
装帧: 精装
ISBN: 9789862544228

内容简介 · · · · · ·

唐代宣武軍節度使轄汴、宋、毫、穎四州，此四州居河、淮之間，地勢低平，水道縱橫，自古即為關中通東南地區的交通要道。隋煬帝開通濟渠，目的不僅為遊幸，至唐，通濟渠更成為轉輸東南財賦至西北的大動脈，汴、宋、毫三州為運河所經，唐長安政府對東南財賦的倚賴程度愈大，此區地位益形重要。

首都為首善之區，人文薈萃之地，隋唐政府以國防及政治因素，定都長安。關中地區地狹人稠，糧食常不能自給，至高宗、武后時，因對外用兵及官僚集團的膨脹，每遇飢荒，輒有就食東都之行。玄宗重視漕運，把關東的財賦區與關中的政治文化中心緊密的結合在一起，成就了大唐盛世。

安史之亂後，河北租賦不入王室，唐中央政府對東南地區糧食的需求轉殷，主控通濟渠運道的宣武軍節度使人選，甚受朝廷重視。河南、河北藩鎮叛亂時，本區為敵對雙方爭取的對象，吐蕃、南詔寇擾時，本區提供防秋、防冬之兵與糧。

黃巢之亂，竄擾中國幾半，兩京殘破，東南地區生產事業遭受重大打擊，唐政權漸步入衰亡。朱溫降唐，以宣武軍為基礎，經二十幾年的發展，陸續併吞鄰鎮，成為當時天下第一強藩，終於篡唐。朱溫定都汴州，從此中國政治中心東移，以全國經濟重心東移故也。

作者简介 · · · · · ·
曾賢熙，中國文化大學史學研究所博士，曾任大葉工學院共同科講師、副教授、大葉工學院教務處課務組主任，現任大葉大學造形藝術學系、通識教育中心合聘副教授。撰有《唐代前期（618-755）對安西四鎮的經營》（碩士論文，1983），《唐代汴州――宣武軍節度研究》（博士論文，1991），以及在期刊、研討會發表之論文30 餘篇。

目录 · · · · · ·
第一章 緒 論···························································· 1
第二章 宣武軍節度使的地理與人文························· 7
第一節 地理形勢······················································ 7
第二節 氣候與物產················································ 17
第三節 水陸交通···················································· 21
第四節 人文特色···················································· 30
第三章 關中本位政策下的宣武軍節度使··············· 33
第一節 隋唐時代的長安與洛陽····························· 33
第二節 唐代前期的宣武軍節度使·························· 39
第四章 藩鎮割據時期（肅宗～憲宗）的宣武軍
節度使·························································· 61
第一節 安史之亂時期的汴宋毫潁四州·················· 61
一、安史之亂的背景········································· 61
二、雍丘、宋州攻防戰····································· 64
三、運糧道的調整············································· 70
第二節 藩鎮抗命時期的宣武軍節度使·················· 74
一、繼承之戰·················································· 102
二、築城危機·················································· 107
三、運道爭奪戰·············································· 112
第三節 元和中興與宣武軍節度使························ 116
第五章 唐末的變亂與宣武軍節度使····················· 123
第一節 河朔復亂對宣武軍節度使的影響············ 123
第二節 劉稹之亂與宣武軍節度使························ 127
第三節 龐勛之亂與宣武軍節度使························ 130
一、東南地區人民的負擔······························· 130
二、龐勛之亂·················································· 132
第四節 黃巢之亂與朱溫篡唐······························· 135
一、黃巢之亂·················································· 135
二、朱溫的崛起·············································· 140
三、朱全忠與鄰鎮的交兵······························· 143
四、朱全忠篡唐·············································· 145
第六章 結 論························································ 149
參考書目···································································· 151
附 圖
圖一：中國歷史上各個時期基本經濟區位置圖··············· 3
圖二：宣武軍節度使轄區圖··········································· 8
圖三：宣武軍節度使所轄州縣圖·································· 10
圖四：宣武軍節度使區與周邊地理形勢圖···················· 11
圖五：宣武軍節度使轄區地形東西向剖面示意圖·········· 12
圖六：宣武軍節度使轄區地形南北向剖面示意圖·········· 13
圖七：開封附近的黃河剖面圖····································· 13
圖八：黃河六大變遷圖················································ 15
圖九：唐代黃河下游之經行圖····································· 16
圖十：黃河陝縣水文站水位流量曲線圖························ 19
圖十一：隋通濟渠略圖················································ 25
圖十二：唐代東都以東交通路線示意圖························ 27
圖十三：汴州與相州、魏州交通路線圖························ 29
圖十四：唐代安史之亂圖············································ 65
圖十五：唐代秦嶺山脈東段諸谷道圖··························· 71
圖十六：唐代黃巢之亂圖·········································· 138
附 表
表一：中國治水活動的歷史發展與地理分布的統計表····· 5
表二：唐代宣武軍節度使轄區渠道陂塘分布表············· 17
表三：黃淮平原的氣溫和雨量····································· 18
表四：唐代黃河南北諸道賦貢表·································· 21
表五：宣武軍節度使轄州州治與兩都鄰州州治里程表··· 30
表六：宣武軍節度轄區及其鄰區之風俗表···················· 31
表七：前漢至唐長安地區（渭水流域）人口統計表······ 35
表八：前漢至唐洛陽地區（洛水黃河流域）人口統計
表···································································· 35
表九：開皇天寶間戶口變化表····································· 43
表十：大業五年戶口地理分布表·································· 44
表十一：大業五年戶口密度分布表······························· 44
表十二：大業貞觀戶口地理分布比率比較表················· 46
表十三：貞觀中戶口密度分布表·································· 46
表十四：貞觀十三年與天寶元年戶口增減表················· 47
表十五：天寶元年人口密度分布表······························· 48
表十六：大業貞觀天寶年間各道戶口增減百分比表······ 49
表十七：唐代前期（618～755）部分州府長官任期表··· 52
表十八：唐代汴州刺史表（618～755）························ 54
表十九：唐代宋州刺史表（618～755）························ 57
表二十：唐代毫州刺史表（618～755）························ 59
表二十一：唐代泗州刺史表（618～755） ···················· 60
表二十二：淮南節度使表············································ 77
表二十三：武寧軍節度使表········································· 80
表二十四：宣武軍節度使表········································· 83
表二十五：忠武軍節度使表········································· 87
表二十六：義成節度使表············································ 91
表二十七：河陽節度使表············································ 95
表二十八：陝虢都防禦觀察處置等使表························ 98
表二十九：代宗德宗時各節度使內亂表······················ 105

寒食
孟云卿〔唐代〕
二月江南花满枝，他乡寒食远堪悲。
贫居往往无烟火，不独明朝为子推。

孟云卿天宝年间科场失意后，曾流寓荆州一带，过着极为贫困的生活。就在这样的飘泊流寓生活中的一个寒食节前夕，他写下了这首绝句。
诗中常常以哀景写哀情，即陪衬的艺术手法。而此诗在写“他乡寒食远堪悲”前却描绘出“二月江南花满枝”的美丽景色，在悲苦的境遇中面对繁花似锦的景色，便于常情不同，正是“花近高楼伤客心”，乐景只能倍增其哀。恰当运用反衬的艺术手法，表情也更有力量。